Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is the ongoing sense of threat following a traumatic event in which a person felt that their life or bodily integrity was in danger. In cases of PTSD, this sense of threat continues well beyond the actual danger and can persist for years after the event. It is often characterised by vivid memories of the event and accompanying feelings replaying in the person’s mind, which can be triggered by emotional cues or reminders of the trauma.

PTSD symptoms are generally divided into four groups:

1. Re-experiencing Symptoms
   Re-experiencing symptoms of PTSD are characterised by memories of the trauma replaying repeatedly in an individual’s mind. These memories can manifest as “flashbacks” during the day or nightmares at night. The memories can involve any of the five senses—you might see images of what happened, hear sounds, or even experience smells, tastes, or physical sensations associated with the trauma. Emotions from the trauma can also resurface, making it feel as though the events are happening again.
2. Arousal Symptoms
   People suffering from PTSD may feel constantly “on edge” following a traumatic event. This heightened state of alertness can make it difficult to relax, lower their guard, or concentrate, and it can lead to sleep disturbances. These symptoms can exacerbate stress and hinder emotional healing.
3. Avoidance Symptoms
   Individuals with PTSD often try to avoid people, places, or reminders of their trauma. Avoidance is a natural human response to physical or emotional pain. They may distract themselves to avoid thinking about the traumatic event, hesitate to discuss it, or find themselves unable to express how the event makes them feel.
4. Negative Thoughts and Mood
   Negative thoughts and mood associated with PTSD often overlap with re-experiencing symptoms. People with PTSD may replay the traumatic event in their mind, dwelling on how they could have acted differently to change the outcome. This persistent self-reflection can lead to guilt, shame, or feelings of inadequacy.

It is not uncommon for those who experience traumatic life events to feel shocked, scared, guilty, ashamed, angry, or vulnerable afterward. However, those suffering from PTSD often experience recurring feelings tied to the event over an extended period, which may contribute to other mental health conditions such as depression, insomnia, or anxiety disorders. These feelings and memories are often triggered by emotional cues that remind the individual of the traumatic experience.